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The Quad Bayer sensors theoretically circumvent this limitation by going with pixel binning. Huawei’s 4-in-1 pixel binning results in 10MP photos by default at an “effective pixel size” of 2.0 micron. The 48MP and 64MP sensors use 4-in-1 pixel binning for 12MP and 16MP photos by default at an effective pixel size of 1.6 micron. The Xiaomi Mi Note 10 uses 4-in-1 pixel binning for 27MP photos by default at an effective pixel size of 1.6 micron. This lets them achieve competitive results in low light. Of course, smartphone photography is a complicated field and image processing is an equally important factor, but all other factors being constant, an effective pixel size of 1.6 micron should be better than a pixel size of 1.4 micron. Some device makers were more successful than others in the implementation of such high megapixel Quad Bayer sensors. Samsung, Huawei, and Apple opted to stay with their custom sensors, while Google continued to use the relatively old Sony IMX363 in the Google Pixel 4, making up for it with computational photography in the form of improved HDR+ and Night Sight.
Thus, we now have a market where even lower mid-range phones have 48MP and 64MP Quad Bayer sensors, as they essentially have few real disadvantages over traditional 12MP or 16MP sensors. Using 4-in-1 pixel binning, the final photos will be at 12MP resolution in most lighting conditions anyway, especially in low light. The benefit of the high resolution comes in daylight, where some phones do offer 48MP modes to take advantage of the increased spatial resolution.
The Galaxy S20 Ultra is the logical progression of the pixel binning methodology. Up until now, phones using high megapixel sensors have used 2×2 binning to combine four pixels into one. This lets the effective pixel size be doubled from 0.8 micron to 1.6 micron, for example. With a 108MP sensor, though, there is potential for binning of even more pixels at once. 4-in-1 pixel binning will result in a 27MP pixel binned mode, which is still arguably too large for general photos. Also, 27MP photos at an effective 1.6 micron pixel size are good, but what if you could have 12MP photos at an effective pixel size of 2.4 micron?
Samsung achieves an effective pixel size of 2.4 micron by using 3×3 pixel binning, combining nine pixels into a single pixel at the sensor level. “Nona binning” is nothing but the company’s marketing term for 3×3 binning. This will combine nine relatively noisy pixels into one big and clean superpixel, which would theoretically further enhance low light sensitivity. A 2.4 micron effective pixel size is unheard of in smartphone cameras. The only parallel is OmniVison’s 48MP OV48C image sensor, which launched at CES. It outputs standard Bayer photos and has a 1.2 micron pixel size that uses near-pixel binning to achieve 12MP photos with a 2.4 micron pixel size. While it has great specifications, it hasn’t made its way to any shipping phone yet.
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