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Before 2018, essentially every smartphone camera had a Bayer color filter array. The Huawei P20 Pro and the Huawei Mate 20 Pro were the first phones to use Quad Bayer sensors. Simply put, a Quad Bayer sensor has less color resolution than a sensor with a standard Bayer layout.  On the IMX586, for example, the physical color filters on the camera sensor only have an effective resolution of 12MP. The ISP of such sensors is able to achieve a virtual 48MP Bayer result out of the sensor by re-arranging the subpixels among the logical pixels. It should be clear that this approach isn’t as good as using a standard Bayer filter. What is the specific difference? According to AnandTech, the 48MP IMX586 has closer to 27MP of spatial resolution as it’s only able to increase spatial resolution half-way.

Why use Quad Bayer sensors then? They make sense because up until now, they are the only option on the market if a device maker wants to incorporate a high megapixel sensor. Their negatives are mitigated by using 4-in-1 pixel binning, which combines four pixels into one pixel at the sensor level to reduce noise, improve dynamic range, and improve per-pixel detail. Combining multiple pixels into one isn’t a new idea; it was done with the Nokia 808 PureView and the Nokia Lumia 1020 back in 2012 and 2013. Before, the idea was that multiple noisy pixels will be combined into one clean “super” pixel. The advent of Quad Bayer sensors led to the popularization of pixel binning.

The theory behind pixel binning is this. Huawei’s custom 40MP sensor on its flagships has a 1.0-micron pixel size. The mainstream 48MP and 64MP sensors have an even smaller pixel size at 0.8 micron. Even the 108MP ISOCELL sensors have the same 0.8-micron pixel size because the pixel size is kept constant when the resolution is increased simultaneously with the sensor size. When the pixel size is lowered, low light image quality is adversely affected. Low light photos are highly affected by a pixel’s sensitivity to light, and therefore, the rule of thumb is to go with a bigger pixel size, with flagship 12MP sensors settling at around a 1.4-micron pixel size.